Kufumura zvombo zvinogona kupedza nyika nenyika dzaanadzo
Nhamba yekutanga inogona kushandura pasi redu rese kuita dongo rine muchetura kweanopfuura hafu yezana ramakore
| By Richard Ahern - Kutyisidzira kwehondo yenyukireya muna 2023 kunotyisa, asi vashoma vedu vanonzwisisa marudzi akasiyana ezvombo zvenyukireya uye misiyano yakakura musimba razvo rinoparadza.
Zvinosuruvarisa, kubva pakuwedzera kweiyo Ukraine-Russia hondo, kutyisidzira kweHondo Yenyika III ndeyechokwadi. Putin akataura zvakawanda nezvekukwira kwenyukireya, Ukraine iri kukumbira rubatsiro kubva kunyika dzeNATO, uye pane humbowo hwekuti nyika dzekuMadokero dziri kugadzirira zvakaipisisa.
Nepo zvimwe zvombo zvichigona kuparadza guta, zvimwe zvinogona kuita kuti nyika ive mhute, uye chimwe, kunyanya, chinogona kuita kuti pasi rose rigarwe kwemakore makumi mashanu.
Bhomba guru renyukireya harisi iro rinouraya zvakanyanya - kudonha kwechombo chenyukireya chinhu chakakosha, kuputika kwacho kunogona kunge kusiri kusimba zvakanyanya, asi mwaranzi inosiiwa mushure inogona kukanganisa huwandu hwevanhu kwemakumi emakore uye kuve nemhedzisiro yenyika.
Tichiri kuyera zvombo izvi, isu tichafunga zvakare magadzirirwo ekutumira - chombo chinokwanisa kuparadza nyika hachishandiswe zvishoma kana chikatadza kuendeswa nemazvo uye kupinda mukudzivirira kwenyukireya.
Tichangotaura nezvezvombo zvatinoziva kuti masayendisiti anogona kugadzira nehunyanzvi hwanhasi muna 2023 - isu hatitaure nezvezvombo zvekufungidzira zvinogona kuitika makore zana kubva zvino.
Ichi chinyorwa chine chinangwa chekusimudza chidzitiro pamhando dzezvombo zvenyukireya zvinogoneka munyika yanhasi uye kukupa mufananidzo wakajeka uye kuenzanisa kwemhando yekukuvadza yazvinogona kukonzera. Nhepfenyuro dzinogara dzichikanda mitsara yakaita se "kutyisidzira kwenyukireya" - izwi rakafara rinotadza kutsanangura kuwanda kwemidziyo inogoneka.
Saka mune iyi runyorwa, tichapa 5 zvombo zvine simba zvakanyanya pasi rose muna 2023 zvichibva pakuputika kwegoho, radiological fallout, nzira yekuendesa, uye kugona kupinda masisitimu ekudzivirira.
Mabhomba enyukireya anoshanda sei - kuverenga kumashure
5 Neutron bhomba - yakawedzera mwaranzi warhead
Neutron bhomba imhando yezvombo zvenyukireya zvakagadzirirwa kukuvadza vanhu kupfuura zvivakwa kana midziyo. Iyo inozivikanwawo seyakakwenenzverwa nemwaranzi warhead, bhomba reneutron rine njodzi nekuda kwekugona kwaro kuparadza hupenyu chaizvo asi richisiya zvimiro zvakatenderedza, zvichiwanzopa manyepo ekunyepa kuti rinogamuchirwa kushandisa nekuti "rinoratidzika" risinganyanye kuparadza.
Iyo nyutroni bhomba ine mabhenefiti akajeka muhondo sechombo chenyukireya chine hungwaru, kuishandisa kupukuta uto pasina kuparadza midziyo yehondo yakatenderedza.
Detonation inoburitsa mwaranzi ine simba inogona kufamba nepakati pezvombo kana kudzika pasi. Muvambi webhomba reneutron, Sam Cohen, akataura kuti kana iwe ukabvisa uranium bhomba rehydrogen, manyuturoni anoburitswa anogona kuuraya vavengi vari kure kure, kunyangwe vakahwanda muzvivakwa.
Zvombo zvenyukireya zvinotsamira pakuita kwekutanga kunogadzira simba guru neutron kukonzera mamwe matanho. Aya manyuturoni anowanzo kuve mukati meuranium casing uye anoratidzwa mukati kuti aenderere mberi nekuita cheni yekuputika.
Kusiyana neizvi, mubhomba reneutron, uranium casing inobviswa, ichiparadzira manyuturoni kunze, ichidzikisa goho rekuputika kwebhomba asi zvakanyanya kuwedzera kuwanda kwemwaranzi inouraya.
Dzimwe nyanzvi dzakafunga kuti inogona kushandiswa senzira yekutaurirana pamusoro pekutyisidzira senge mabhomba eSoviet, kudzikisa njodzi yekuputira zvombo nekukanganisa panguva yekurwiswa.
Zvakanakira zvemabhomba e-neutron zviri mukushandiswa kwavo sezvombo zvenyukireya zvine hungwaru, sezvo zvichibvumira kunanga kwakaringana kwemauto pasina kunetsekana kwekukonzera kukuvara kwakakura kwevanhu kubva mukuputika. Nekudaro, izvi zvinomutsawo kunetseka kwepfungwa, sezvo kugamuchirwa kwavo kunofungidzirwa kunogona kureva kuti vanoshandiswa nekusafunga.
Hezvino izvo zvine njodzi:
Bhomba renyuturoni rinogona kunge riri chombo chenyukireya chinova chinokonzera kushandiswa kwezvombo zvakakura, zvichibvumira hurumende kuti "nyika zvigunwe zvadzo" muhondo yenyukireya - asi vasati vazviziva, vari kuparadza nyika dzese.
4 Hypersonic nuclear warhead
Chombo chinotevera hachiyerwi nekuputika kweradius kana radiological fallout - asi nenzira yekuburitsa.
Nokuti chombo chinobatsirei kana chikatadza kusvika pachiringadiwa?
Zvombo zveHypersonic zvakanyanya kutyisa mapfupa nekuda kwekugona kwavo kutakura zvombo zvenyukireya nekumhanya kunopfuura kashanu kumhanya kwekurira uye kufambisa nekukurumidza pakuraira.
A yakajairika intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) inotevera arched nzira, kupinda muchadenga uye ichidzika pachinangwa ichitungamirirwa negiravhiti. ICBMs dzakafanorongerwa kurova chakanangana nezvinangwa - kana zvangove mu orbit, havagone kuchinja nzira yavo.
Nekuda kweiyi fungidziro yekusununguka-kudonha trajectory, masisitimu ekudzivirira anogona kuona uye kubata maICBM zviri nyore.
Kusiyana neizvi, makomba e hypersonic ane jet injini uye anodzorwa kure mukati mekufamba kwavo kwese. Pamusoro pezvo, vanofamba munzvimbo dzakaderera, zvichiita kuti kurumidze kuona kunetsa. Vamwe vanogona kufamba nokukurumidza zvokuti simba remhepo riri pamberi pawo rinoumba gore re<em>plasma rinotora masaisai eredhiyo achiita se“chidzitiro chokuvharisa” chinoita kuti asaonekwe neradar. Nekuda kweizvozvo, nyika zhinji dziri kumhanya kuti dzisimukira maitiro matsva ekudzivirira iyo inogona kuona inouya hypersonic missile.
Inokurumidza sei makomba e hypersonic kuenda?
Kuti uzviise mumaonero, kumhanya kwezwi, kunozivikanwa seMach 1, kunosvika 760mph. Ndege dzemazuvano dzinofamba dzinofamba zvishoma pane iyi (subsonic), kazhinji inosvika Mach 0.8. Vazhinji vacharangarira Concorde supersonic ndege iyo yaigona kubhururuka nekaviri kumhanya kwekurira kana Mach 2.
Kumhanya nekukurumidza kupfuura Mach 5 kunoonekwa hypersonic, ingangoita 3,836mph, asi akawanda makomba e hypersonic anogona kufamba zvakapetwa kaviri paanenge Mach 10!
Mukuona:
Ndege inokurumidza kubhururuka kubva Rashiya kuenda kuUnited States kwaizotora maawa angangoita 9 - chombo che hypersonic chinofamba chakatenderedza Mach 10 chaizosvika muUS mumaminitsi makumi mana chete!
Wagadzirira nhau dzakaipa here?
Russia yakazvirova dundundu nezve arsenal yayo yezvombo zve hypersonic zvinokwanisa kutakura zvombo zvenyukireya zvakasiyana. Kungofunga kwechero chombo kubva pane ichi chinyorwa chakaiswa pane hypersonic missile kunotyisa.
3 The Tsar Bomba - hydrogen bhomba
Nekuda kwesimba rekuputika, chombo chine simba kwazvo chenyukireya chakambogadzirwa uye chakaedzwa raive bhomba rehydrogen rakagadzirwa neSoviet Union rainzi Tsar Bomba.
tsar bhomba, nuke hurusa munyika, inorema anenge makirogiramu 60,000 XNUMX, yakanga iri kuedzwe munzvimbo iri kure inonzi Mityushikha Bay paSeverny Island muArctic Circle. Musi wa30 Gumiguru 1961, ndege yainzi Tupolev Tu-95 yakatakura mudziyo ndokuidonhedza kubva pamamita 34,000 XNUMX.
Parachuti yakasungirirwa kuti inonoke bhomba kuti ndege ikwanise kupukunyuka, asi vashandi vaingove ne50% mukana wekupona.
Iyo Tsar Bomba yaive bhomba rehydrogen kana chizvarwa chechipiri chombo chenyukireya chine simba rakakura kwazvo rekuparadza uchishandisa maitiro enyukireya fusion.
Iyo yakajairwa fission reaction inotanga imwe ine simba yechipiri fusion reaction inoburitsa huwandu hukuru hwesimba. Fusion mabhomba anoshandisa hydrogen isotopes inozivikanwa se deuterium uye tritium sehuni, nekudaro zita rekuti hydrogen bomb. Nekudaro, zvombo zvemazuva ano zvinoshandisa lithium deuteride mukugadzira kwavo, asi musimboti wakafanana.
Kusanganiswa kwenyukireya kunoitika kana nuclei diki reatomu rabatana kugadzira nucleus yakakura, ichiburitsa simba rakakosha. Mukusiyana, nyukliya fission, iyo inoshandiswa chete muzvombo zvenyukireya zvechizvarwa chekutanga, inobatanidza kupatsanurwa kwepakati peatomu huru kuva zvidimbu zviduku. Nepo fission ichiburitsawo simba, haiburitse zvakanyanya sekusanganiswa.
Fusion ndiyo yekupedzisira simba sosi:
Nuclear fusion inopa simba hombe yemoto inotsigira hupenyu hwese paPasi - zuva redu. Dai taigona kushandisa nzira yekubatanidza kuti irambe ichiburitsa simba muzvirimwa zvemagetsi pachinzvimbo chezvinomera zvedu zvekutsemura, izvi zvaizogadzirisa matambudziko ese epasi rose!
Kuisa mumaonero...
Kuputika kweTsar Bomba kwakanga kwakasimba nekanopfuura ka1,570 600 kupfuura mabhomba efission akadonhedzwa paHiroshima neNagasaki muJapan. Bhomba racho rakakonzera gore guru rehowa, richipwanya mahwindo edzimba muNorway neFinland anenge mamaira XNUMX kubva ipapo. Kuvhundutsa kwacho kwakatenderera pasi rose katatu, New Zealand ichirekodha kuwedzera kwesimba remhepo nguva imwe neimwe!
The Tsar Bomba fireball yaionekwa kubva kunopfuura mamaira mazana matanhatu kubva kure uye yaive yakatenderedza mamaira mashanu muhupamhi - yakakura zvakakwana kunyura muLas Vegas Strip yese nezvimwe!
The Tsar Bomba chaive chombo chesimba rakachena uye kuparadza kwakabikwa, bhomba hombe pasirese rakamboedzwa. Radhiological fallout yayo yakagadzirirwa kuve idiki, nevayedzi vachikwanisa kudzokera kunzvimbo kwangopera maawa maviri pasina njodzi kuhutano hwavo.
Iyo Tsar Bomba yakaratidza kuti nehunyanzvi hwekusanganisa, pakanga pasina muganho kune simba rinoparadza rinogoneka - nedzidziso, bhomba rakakura, kuputika kukuru.
Soviet Union inobata rekodhi iyi yekugadzira uye kuyedza chombo chine simba kwazvo pasi rose. Mabhomba akasara ari muRussia Atomic Weapon Museum muSarov.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti pakazoparara Soviet Union, Russia yakagara nhaka yezvombo zvayo zvenyukireya!
2 Tantalum bhomba - chombo chenyukireya chine munyu
Isotopu isinganyanyi kuzivikanwa inogona kushandiswa muzvombo zvenyukireya i tantalum, simbi inopenya yegrey inozivikanwa nekuwanda kwayo uye nzvimbo yekunyungudika. Chombo chine tantalum chinoshandisa artificial radioactive isotope yesimbi - imwe chete yemakumi matatu neshanu anozivikanwa eradioisotopes.
Inonzi "bhomba rine munyu," tantalum yakaferefetwa kuti ishandiswe sechinhu chekuisa munyu, icho chingave chakaputirwa nehondo ye thermonuclear.
Chii chinonzi bhomba rine munyu?
“Mabhomba ane munyu” ndezvimwe zvezvombo zvinouraya zvikurusa, zvinorangarirwa kuva zvounzenza zvikuru uye zvinowanzonzi gadziriro dzezuva rorutongeso. Shoko rokuti kuiswa munyu rinotorwa pashoko rokuti “kuisa munyu panyika,” zvichireva kuita kuti ivhu risave neupenyu. Kare kuparadzirwa kwemunyu panzvimbo dzemaguta akakundwa kwaive kutukwa kudzivirira kugarwazve kwenzvimbo nekumisa muvengi kurima.
Bhomba rine munyu rinoshandisa simbi dzinorema senge tantalum uye rakagadzirirwa zvakanyanya radiological fallout kusiyana nekuputika radius - ichipa mukana wekukonzera kuparadzwa kwemhepo pasi rose.
Kuputika kwemudziyo wacho kunotanga fusion reaction inoburitsa manyutroni ane simba guru anoshandura tantalum-181 ("munyu") kuenda kune yakanyanya radioactive tantalum-182.
Iyo hafu yeupenyu ye tantalum-182 inenge mazuva zana negumi nemashanu, zvichireva kuti nharaunda inosiiwa ine mwaranzi zvakanyanya kwemwedzi yakawanda mushure mekuputika. Kufanana nemamwe mabhomba ane munyu pane iyi runyorwa, kudonha kwezvombo kunoburitsa simba remagetsi gamma rays rinokwanisa kupinda mukati memadziro akakora uye kukonzera kukuvara kweDNA kuhupenyu hwese.
Chombo chiri padivi netantalum ibhomba rine munyu we zinc rine zvinhu zvakafanana, kunyangwe tantalum ichiburitsa zvishoma. simba rakakwirira gamma radiation uye inotsvakurudzwa zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwezvombo.
Ndiani ane tantalum bhomba?
Hapana akambotaura kuti ane bhomba renyukireya rine munyu.
Nekudaro, muna 2018 pakanga paine kushushikana kuri kukura izvo China yakanga ichimutsidzira pfungwa yechombo chine njodzi chetantalum, chakanambwa panguva yeHondo Yemashoko. Kufungidzira kwakakonzerwa nekuedza kwakatsigirwa nehurumende panzvimbo yekutsvagisa yekuChina. Masayendisiti kubva kuChinese Academy of Sciences muBeijing akataura kubudirira kwavo mukupfura matanda akanyanya kupisa eiyo radioactive isotope tantalum, zvichiratidza kuti nyika yaifarira chaizvo kushandiswa kwemauto etantalum.
Rumwe ruzivo nezve tsvagiridzo yeChina nezvombo zve tantalum haisati yazivikanwa - ruzivo rwakadaro rwunozoonekwa sechakavanzika chenyika chakachengetedzwa.
1 Cobalt bhomba - iyo doomsday mudziyo
Bhomba recobalt ndiro mudziyo wezuva redoomsday - chombo chinoparadza zvekuti chinogona kupedza hupenyu hwese hwevanhu paPasi, iro rakaipisisa bhomba renyukireya pane iyi runyorwa.
Bhomba recobalt imwe mhando ye "bhomba rine munyu," chombo chethermonuclear chakagadzirirwa kuburitsa mwaranzi inowedzerwa. Bhomba racho rakarondedzerwa nenyanzvi yefizikisi Leó Spitz somudziyo usingambofaniri kugadzirwa asi kuratidza kuti zvombo zvenyukireya zvingasvika sei pakuparadza pasi rose.
Bhomba rine bhomba rehydrogen rakakomberedzwa nesimbi cobalt, kunyanya yakajairwa isotope yecobalt-59. Pakuputirwa kwechishandiso, iyo cobalt-59 inobhombwa nemanyutroni kubva kufusion reaction uye inoshandurwa kuita yakanyanya radioactive cobalt-60. Iyo radioactive cobalt-60 inowira pasi ichibvumira mhepo kuti iparadzire pasi rose.
Ko bhomba recobalt rine simba rakadii?
Mwaranzi inogadzirwa nebhomba recobalt inoramba iri mumhepo kwemakumi emakore akawanda, yakareba kupfuura mabhomba akafanana ane munyu achishandisa tantalum kana zinc, zvichiita kuti nzvimbo dzekuvanda mabhomba dzisashande.
Efungidziro dzinoratidza kuti mhepo yaizoramba ine radioactive kweanenge makore 30-70, zvichibvumira nguva yakakwana yekuti mhepo iparadzire isotopu pasi rose. Pasinei nemwaranzi yekugara kwenguva refu, hafu yehupenyu hwecobalt-60 ipfupi zvakakwana kuburitsa yakanyanya. mwaranzi inouraya. Muchokwadi, cobalt inoburitsa yakakwira simba gamma mwaranzi kupfuura ese tantalum uye zinc - zvichiita kuti bhomba recobalt ive chombo chinouraya kwazvo pasi rose.
Zvinowedzera kutyisa:
Mhando yemwaranzi inoburitswa nebhomba rine munyu secobalt inonyanya kuuraya. Cobalt-60 inoburitsa yakakwira-simba gamma mwaranzi inokwanisa kupinda nyore paganda uye zvinenge zvese zvipingaidzo.
Mwaranzi yeGamma inopinda zvikuru zvokuti masendimita akawanda omutobvu kana kuti tsoka dzakawanda dzekongiri dzinodiwa kuavhara.
Iwo gamma mwaranzi anogadzirwa nebhomba recobalt (nemamwe mabhomba ane munyu) anogona kupfuura nemumuviri wemunhu zvisina basa, zvichikonzera kukuvara kwematishu uye DNA uye pakupedzisira kukonzera cancer. Mhedzisiro yenguva pfupi ye gamma radiation zvinosanganisira kutsva kweganda, kurwara nemwaranzi, uye kazhinji rufu runorwadza.
Ko bhomba recobalt ririko here?
Hapana nyika inozivikanwa kuti ine bhomba renyukireya recobalt nekuti chombo chakadaro chinoonekwa sechakashata zvikuru.
Muna 1957, maBritish akaedza bhomba vachishandisa cobalt pellets setracer kuyera goho, asi muedzo waionekwa sewakundikana uye hauna kumbodzokororwa.
Hedzinoi nhau dzakaipa...
Muna 2015, gwaro rehungwaru rakaburitswa rakaratidza kuti Russia yaigadzira nyukireya torpedo kugadzira "nzvimbo dzakakura dzekusvibiswa kweradioactive, zvichiita kuti dzisashande muchiuto, hupfumi kana chimwe chiitiko kwenguva yakareba."
Pepanhau rekuRussia rakafungidzira kuti chombo chaive a bhomba recobalt. Kunyangwe mutauro wakashandiswa mugwaro unoratidza kuti chombo chinogona kunge chiri kushandisa cobalt nedhizaini, hazvizivikanwe kana maRussia aida kana kugadzira bhomba recobalt. Ehe, kugadzira kana kuve nebhomba recobalt kwaizove kwakanyatso kurongeka semhinduro yepasirese yaizova kutsamwa uye kutya.
Nhau dzakanaka, pamwe, ndedzekuti kusikwa kwechombo chakadaro nemaRussia kungave kusinganzwisisike, tichifunga kuti iyo radiological fallout yaizopedzisira yasvika kuRussia motherland.
Chete munhu anopenga kana hurumende yaizofunga kushandisa chombo chakadaro kunze kwekunge vaine hurongwa hwekudzora imwe nyika kana kugara munzvimbo yakadzika yepasi pevhu kwehupenyu hwavo hwese.
Saka, chokwadi hapana angave benzi zvakakwana kuvaka bhomba recobalt - handiti?
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